scholarly journals MONTHLY NORMALS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, ALASKA, AND THE WEST INDIES

1924 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
P. C. DAY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
West Indies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Level Pressure

Comparison of Model Forecast Skill of Sea Level Pressure along the East and West Coasts of the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett B. Wedam ◽  
Lynn A. McMurdie ◽  
Clifford F. Mass
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Forecast ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Level Pressure ◽  
East And West

Abstract Despite recent advances in numerical weather prediction, major errors in short-range forecasts still occur. To gain insight into the origin and nature of model forecast errors, error frequencies and magnitudes need to be documented for different models and different regions. This study examines errors in sea level pressure for four operational forecast models at observation sites along the east and west coasts of the United States for three 5-month cold seasons. Considering several metrics of forecast accuracy, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model outperformed the other models, while the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model was least skillful. Sea level pressure errors on the West Coast are greater than those on the East Coast. The operational switch from the Eta to the Weather Research and Forecasting Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM) at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) did not improve forecasts of sea level pressure. The results also suggest that the accuracy of the Canadian Meteorological Centre’s Global Environmental Mesoscale model (CMC-GEM) improved between the first and second cold seasons, that the ECMWF experienced improvement on both coasts during the 3-yr period, and that the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) improved during the third cold season on the West Coast.

A Weather Singularity over the U. S. in October

1954 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard W. Wahl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Pressure Pattern ◽  
Level Pressure

A sudden increase in the probability of snow occurrence during the month of October at Denver, Colorado, had been reported. It is shown that this increase can be associated with the development of a widespread weather singularity occurring at that time of the year. The normal sea-level pressure-pattern changes derived from 40 years of data over the United States show the synoptic development of this singularity. This development leads to peculiarities in various weather elements at that time.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability of Nonfreezing Drizzle in the United States and Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3629-3639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addison L. Sears-Collins ◽  
David M. Schultz ◽  
Robert H. Johns
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Level Pressure ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A climatology of nonfreezing drizzle is created using surface observations from 584 stations across the United States and Canada over the 15-yr period 1976–90. Drizzle falls 50–200 h a year in most locations in the eastern United States and Canada, whereas drizzle falls less than 50 h a year in the west, except for coastal Alaska and several western basins. The eastern and western halves of North America are separated by a strong gradient in drizzle frequency along roughly 100°W, as large as about an hour a year over 2 km. Forty percent of the stations have a drizzle maximum from November to January, whereas only 13% of stations have a drizzle maximum from June to August. Drizzle occurrence exhibits a seasonal migration from eastern Canada and the central portion of the Northwest Territories in summer, equatorward to most of the eastern United States and southeast Canada in early winter, to southeastern Texas and the eastern United States in late winter, and back north to eastern Canada in the spring. The diurnal hourly frequency of drizzle across the United States and Canada increases sharply from 0900 to 1200 UTC, followed by a steady decline from 1300 to 2300 UTC. Diurnal drizzle frequency is at a maximum in the early morning, in agreement with other studies. Drizzle occurs during a wide range of atmospheric conditions at the surface. Drizzle has occurred at sea level pressures below 960 hPa and above 1040 hPa. Most drizzle, however, occurs at higher than normal sea level pressure, with more than 64% occurring at a sea level pressure of 1015 hPa or higher. A third of all drizzle falls when the winds are from the northeast quadrant (360°–89°), suggesting that continental drizzle events tend to be found poleward of surface warm fronts and equatorward of cold-sector surface anticyclones. Two-thirds of all drizzle occurs with wind speeds of 2.0–6.9 m s−1, with 7.6% in calm wind and 5% at wind speeds ⩾ 10 m s−1. Most drizzle (61%) occurs with visibilities between 1.5 and 5.0 km, with only about 20% occurring at visibilities less than 1.5 km.

scholarly journals Alongshore Wind Forcing of Coastal Sea Level as a Function of Frequency

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2173-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly F. Ryan ◽  
Marlene A. Noble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Frequency Response ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Frequency Response Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Coastal Sea ◽  
Alongshore Wind

Abstract The amplitude of the frequency response function between coastal alongshore wind stress and adjusted sea level anomalies along the west coast of the United States increases linearly as a function of the logarithm (log10) of the period for time scales up to at least 60, and possibly 100, days. The amplitude of the frequency response function increases even more rapidly at longer periods out to at least 5 yr. At the shortest periods, the amplitude of the frequency response function is small because sea level is forced only by the local component of the wind field. The regional wind field, which controls the wind-forced response in sea level for periods between 20 and 100 days, not only has much broader spatial scales than the local wind, but also propagates along the coast in the same direction as continental shelf waves. Hence, it has a stronger coupling to and an increased frequency response for sea level. At periods of a year or more, observed coastal sea level fluctuations are not only forced by the regional winds, but also by joint correlations among the larger-scale climatic patterns associated with El Niño. Therefore, the amplitude of the frequency response function is large, despite the fact that the energy in the coastal wind field is relatively small. These data show that the coastal sea level response to wind stress forcing along the west coast of the United States changes in a consistent and predictable pattern over a very broad range of frequencies with time scales from a few days to several years.

4. A Constabulary Navy

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Border

After 1820, the day-to-day duties of the United States Navy involved dealing with smugglers, pirates, and the illegal slave trade and so deploying the large ships of the line was deemed unnecessary. Also, the successful completion of treaties with both England and Spain demilitarized the Great Lakes and stabilized the country’s southern border, easing concerns about a future foreign war. ‘A constabulary navy: pirates, slavers, and manifest destiny (1820–1850)’ describes the peacetime navy activities carried out by small squadrons of sloops and schooners acting as a constabulary force on distant stations abroad, mainly in the Mediterranean, but also in the West Indies, off Africa, in the Pacific, off Brazil, and in the East.

1. Drinking and temperance

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
W. J. Rorabaugh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Temperance Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Viable System ◽  
The Revolution

‘Drinking and temperance’ describes the history of alcohol consumption in the United States and the introduction of the temperance movement. From the earliest European settlers to the fighters of the Revolution, Americans were among the world’s heartiest drinkers, producing their own corn beer and importing rum from the West Indies. The British blockades during the war meant access to rum was lost. Americans began to distill whiskey from corn instead, which became the country’s patriotic drink. Problems associated with heavy drinking resulted in reformers creating the temperance movement, a cause that was then taken up by Protestant preachers. In the 1850s, evangelicals lobbied for statewide prohibition laws, but there was no viable system of enforcement.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Santa Ana Winds in Southern California with Synoptic-Scale Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Abatzoglou ◽  
Renaud Barbero ◽  
Nicholas J. Nauslar
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Southern California ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
Santa Ana ◽  
Level Pressure ◽  
Santa Ana Winds

Abstract Santa Ana winds (SAW) are among the most notorious fire-weather conditions in the United States and are implicated in wildfire and wind hazards in Southern California. This study employs large-scale reanalysis data to diagnose SAW through synoptic-scale dynamic and thermodynamic factors using mean sea level pressure gradient and lower-tropospheric temperature advection, respectively. A two-parameter threshold model of these factors exhibits skill in identifying surface-based characteristics of SAW featuring strong offshore winds and extreme fire weather as viewed through the Fosberg fire weather index across Remote Automated Weather Stations in southwestern California. These results suggest that a strong northeastward gradient in mean sea level pressure aligned with strong cold-air advection in the lower troposphere provide a simple, yet effective, means of diagnosing SAW from synoptic-scale reanalysis. This objective method may be useful for medium- to extended-range forecasting when mesoscale model output may not be available, as well as being readily applied retrospectively to better understand connections between SAW and wildfires in Southern California.

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